Alice Crawford Snow
ALICE, Emma's Sister
(The following information is taken from an essay titled "Phantoms in the Archives: Unlocking a Manitou Springs Mystery" written by Katie Rudolph and used with the permission of the Pikes Peak Library District.)
According to the Massachusetts Town Vital Collections, Alice Gertrude Crawford was born to Nathan W. and Jennie Webster Crawford on August 14, 1866 in Springfield, Massachusetts.[i] Like her older sister Emma, Alice possessed a talent for musical performance, but was also inclined to theatre performance. She showed strong ambitions for fame at a young age, when the New York Times reported of her disappearance to New York:
Stage-Struck Beauty Cured
Alice Gertrude Crawford, a pretty little brunette, about 17 years old, was taken into Inspector Byrnes’s room at Police Head-quarters yesterday by Detectives Ruland and Frink and handed over to her mother, Mrs. J. W. Crawford, of Chelsea, Mass. Miss Crawford, who is a very bright, smart girl became stage-struck some time ago and made up her mind to become an actress, and a great one, if she could possibly do so. She went home from school at Springfield for a little vacation during the latter part of last month, and when sent back to her school, she came to this city to look for an engagement at some theatre. She first went to the St. Denis Hotel, where she registered under an assumed name, and afterward to the Steven’s House. She tried to secure engagements at several theatres without success, and on Monday went to see Mme. Janauschek, who took somewhat of a fancy to her. Yesterday morning, however, Mrs. Crawford reported the girl’s disappearance to Inspector Byrnes, and the detectives found her at the Prospect House, One Hundred and Fifty-fifth street and Tenth-avenue. She went with them willingly, and when shown her mother, at head-quarters, burst into tears and threw herself into her arms. Mother and daughter left last night for their home, where Mrs. Crawford is a music teacher.[ii]
Alice continued on her path to achieve fame in music and theatre. In 1888, the Boston Daily Advertiser reported that “Miss Alice G. Crawford of Boston has been engaged by Augustin Daly for three years.”[iii] Augustin Daly was a theater manager, producer, director, and playwright, who owned a stock theatre company in New York City known for bringing Shakespearean plays and other dramas to many regions of the United States and Europe.[iv] Alice may have returned to live and work in Massachusetts in the 1890s, as a newspaper reported that she dramatized Mrs. Ella Wheeler-Wilcox’s romantic poem, “Maurine” (while mother Jeanette provided piano accompaniment) at the Music Academy at Chelsea, Massachusetts in 1896.[v]
A newspaper article from 1910 states that Alice was married two times.[vi] Evidence of her first marriage is scant, except for newspaper mentions of a husband who was an operatic singer by the last name of Sarony or Saroni.[vii] One possibility is that Alice married, Gilbert Sarony, a vaudeville performer of the time who was known for his comedic impersonations of women and died suddenly in Pittsburgh in 1910.[viii] Alice had one daughter named Maurine, born around 1898, reportedly from her first marriage.[ix] The only evidence of marriage is that of one to Theodore Snow, operator of a tobacco and stationery shop, in Dawson, Yukon, on August 17, 1904.[x] Snow met Alice in San Jose in the spring of 1904, where she was rehearsing “Pygmalion and Galatea,” and he reportedly fell in love with the beauty of her voice. The marriage took place at St. Mary’s parsonage in Dawson, and Snow “insisted that his fiancée should wear as her bridal gown the classic robe she appeared in as Galatea.” It was reported that the Snows would live in Dawson “only until large business interests there can be disposed of.” After that, they planned to make their home in southern California.[xi] This never came to be.[1] Benjamin F. Craig, a postal worker in Dawson City, maintained a list of people who left the Klondike, in June of 1905, he reported that Maurine and Alice Snow departed.[xii]
By September 15, 1905, Alice was performing a recital at the First Unitarian Church, in Oakland, California, alongside her pianist mother. Alice performed the “Softly Sighing” aria from the opera Der Freischütz and a theatrical rendering of “A Royal Princess” by Christine Rosetti. It was reported that Alice “commands the attention of her audience as in her impersonation of a princess she tells with master effect of the passions that swayed the royal heart….”[xiii] By 1908, Alice and her mother were listed as living at 137 Ute Avenue in Manitou.[xiv] In September 1909, the Gazette Telegraph promoted the first meeting of the Woman’s Club of Colorado Springs that featured a piano solo (Chopin’s “Polonaise Opus 22”) by Madame Crawford and a reading of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “Rhyme of the Duchess May” by Mrs. Alice Crawford Snow.[xv]
Just three months later, the Gazette published a peculiar article about the return of Madame Jeanette Crawford and her daughter, Alice, to Manitou Springs. It stated that three years prior, Jeanette, a talented and reportedly Leizig Conservatory-trained pianist and organist who specialized in the interpretation of Beethoven,[xvi] returned to Manitou Springs to “once again engage in conversation with her deceased daughter (Emma).” Meanwhile, her daughter Alice, “one of the most accomplished and successful satellites appearing in the limelight on the western slope,” had “journeyed as far north as Alaska in her quest for stage triumph.”[xvii] It was reported that after much correspondence with Jeanette, Alice gave up the stage “with the understanding with her mother that the two should once more take up their residence at Red Stone mansion and enjoy their nightly conversations with the dead.” During this time, the Crawfords also were said to have added foot and headstones and other embellishments to Emma’s grave on Red Mountain.[xviii] The article elaborated on Alice and Jeanette’s “conversations”:
In the nightly meetings between the living and the dead, it is the claim of the madame that piano recitals of the most classic character are given by her dead daughter who arises from the grave and in a darkened room, gives wonderful piano séances. While no one has ever been present at these musical séances, nevertheless the madame claims that such are a regular feature of the séances held between the living and the dead in the little red house at the foot of the Rockies.[xix]
It appears Jeanette, like her daughter Emma, was part of the spiritualist movement. While Jeanette was living in Colorado Springs in 1892, just a year after the death of Emma, the Colorado City Iris reported that Jeanette would speak on the subject of “To day” for the Spiritualists’ service at Durkee Hall.[xx]
Perhaps because of the séances at the Red Castle home, the structure became known as the “haunted house” even in 1910.[xxi] The first mention of the land the castle stands on was made in 1889 in The Manitou Springs Journal:
Mr. W. A. Davis and brother, Mr. R. M. Davis have purchased a 40 acre tract of Mayor Davis for $7,000. This land lies just south of the city and is only one quarter mile from the Mansions. It is their intention to plat it and lots will be placed upon the market in a short time. A four inch water main is being laid to supply an abundance of excellent water.
By June 25, 1892, it was announced that the “new ten thousand dollar home” built in the new addition Manitou Terrace (and the highest elevation in town) was complete.
Nothing more was reported on Jeanette and Alice until February 11, 1910, when it was reported that Alice’s daughter Maurine “left Monday for San Jose, Calif., to spend the remainder of the winter with her grandmother, Mrs. J. W. Crawford.”[xxii] This innocuous piece of news would soon be overshadowed by a terrible headline just three days later.
WOMAN IS HELPLESS IN BLAZING BED
Shoots Self in Knee; Rescuer Forces Entrance Into “Haunted House”
Mystery Surrounds Injury to Mrs. Margaret Crawford Snow of Manitou -- Attempted Suicide?[xxiii]
According to the report, Colorado Springs attorney James T. White (mistakenly reported as John T. White) had been summoned to Alice’s home, Red Mountain Castle, in regard to a proposed loan. The article states that Alice “was divorced from her husband, a wealthy business man now living in Alaska, a few months ago, and has been in straightened financial circumstances for some time.” When White approached the Snow residence around 5:10 p.m. on February 13, 1910, he found the shades drawn and the doors locked.[xxiv] White described the incident to a Manitou Springs Journal reporter:
I knocked at the door and received no answer. I then went to the back door, but could rouse no one there. I returned to the front of the house, where I was attracted by a beckoning hand at the window, and Mrs. Snow said to me, through the glass, that she was unable to rise from the bed, but for me to come in through the window. I supposed she ill with some sudden sickness, but I hesitated to enter through the window. She insisted, though, and finally I went around to the back of the house and forced my way in. Mrs. Snow then told me that she had accidentally shot herself in the knee. The bed was on fire, but not blazing much. I threw some quilts upon it and smothered out what flame there was. I could not do anything for her injury, and of course did not try, but I notified the sheriff after failing to reach the county physician, and turned the matter over to the county. I took the precaution to bring her revolver away with me.[xxv]
Alice was taken to St. Francis Hospital to receive care for her wound.[xxvi] The Denver Post reported that after an operation, Alice was moved to the charity ward.[xxvii] She claimed she had accidentally shot herself in the left leg just above the knee with a 32-caliber Iver Johnson revolver,[xxviii] however, some suspected that with Alice’s financial and domestic trouble, it was a suicide attempt.[xxix] The Denver Post speculated that Alice had been a victim of drugs and spiritualistic hallucinations and “had tired of existence and its disillusionments.”[xxx] For a short time, there was a belief that there had been an attempt on Alice’s life by “Little Johnny,” a disabled man who helped with housework at Red Stone Castle. The Gazette reported on February 16, however, that Alice had “written to a friend after she failed to get a theatrical engagement at Denver” and told her that “soon all will be over.”[xxxi]
By February 23, the newspaper reported that Jeanette and Alice’s daughter Maurine, returned to Colorado on account of the accident and that Jeanette believed her daughter was mentally unbalanced at the time of the shooting due to her strained personal and financial affairs. The article also stated that Madame Crawford was thinking of starting an investigation as she believed a picture of her daughter was stolen from Red Stone Castle by a Denver newspaper representative.[xxxii]
On April 1, the Manitou Springs Journal reported that Alice had “recovered sufficiently to leave St. Francis hospital” and that she would not “suffer any bad effects from the accident.” Although the newspaper did not state where Alice and her daughter would reside after Alice’s full recovery, it was speculated that the two would return to California to live with Jeanette Crawford, who was working as an organist at a Unitarian church in San Jose.[xxxiii] When the 1910 federal census was taken a few weeks later on April 20, Alice and her 12 year-old daughter were found boarding with Julia Couch at 839 High Street in Colorado Springs.[xxxiv]
Alice Gertrude Crawford Snow died on May 15, 1917, at the age of 50, and is buried with a humble headstone in Calvary Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. Madame Jeanette Webster Crawford died on February 12, 1928, in Sturbridge, Massachusetts at the age of 86. It is said that up to the age of 80, she was still charming audiences with piano and organ concerts. She was preceded in death by her husband, Nathan, and her children: Emma (1891), Alice (1917), and Minnie (1924).[xxxv] The story of what became of Alice’s daughter, Maurine Snow, is unknown.
(The following information is taken from an essay titled "Phantoms in the Archives: Unlocking a Manitou Springs Mystery" written by Katie Rudolph and used with the permission of the Pikes Peak Library District.)
According to the Massachusetts Town Vital Collections, Alice Gertrude Crawford was born to Nathan W. and Jennie Webster Crawford on August 14, 1866 in Springfield, Massachusetts.[i] Like her older sister Emma, Alice possessed a talent for musical performance, but was also inclined to theatre performance. She showed strong ambitions for fame at a young age, when the New York Times reported of her disappearance to New York:
Stage-Struck Beauty Cured
Alice Gertrude Crawford, a pretty little brunette, about 17 years old, was taken into Inspector Byrnes’s room at Police Head-quarters yesterday by Detectives Ruland and Frink and handed over to her mother, Mrs. J. W. Crawford, of Chelsea, Mass. Miss Crawford, who is a very bright, smart girl became stage-struck some time ago and made up her mind to become an actress, and a great one, if she could possibly do so. She went home from school at Springfield for a little vacation during the latter part of last month, and when sent back to her school, she came to this city to look for an engagement at some theatre. She first went to the St. Denis Hotel, where she registered under an assumed name, and afterward to the Steven’s House. She tried to secure engagements at several theatres without success, and on Monday went to see Mme. Janauschek, who took somewhat of a fancy to her. Yesterday morning, however, Mrs. Crawford reported the girl’s disappearance to Inspector Byrnes, and the detectives found her at the Prospect House, One Hundred and Fifty-fifth street and Tenth-avenue. She went with them willingly, and when shown her mother, at head-quarters, burst into tears and threw herself into her arms. Mother and daughter left last night for their home, where Mrs. Crawford is a music teacher.[ii]
Alice continued on her path to achieve fame in music and theatre. In 1888, the Boston Daily Advertiser reported that “Miss Alice G. Crawford of Boston has been engaged by Augustin Daly for three years.”[iii] Augustin Daly was a theater manager, producer, director, and playwright, who owned a stock theatre company in New York City known for bringing Shakespearean plays and other dramas to many regions of the United States and Europe.[iv] Alice may have returned to live and work in Massachusetts in the 1890s, as a newspaper reported that she dramatized Mrs. Ella Wheeler-Wilcox’s romantic poem, “Maurine” (while mother Jeanette provided piano accompaniment) at the Music Academy at Chelsea, Massachusetts in 1896.[v]
A newspaper article from 1910 states that Alice was married two times.[vi] Evidence of her first marriage is scant, except for newspaper mentions of a husband who was an operatic singer by the last name of Sarony or Saroni.[vii] One possibility is that Alice married, Gilbert Sarony, a vaudeville performer of the time who was known for his comedic impersonations of women and died suddenly in Pittsburgh in 1910.[viii] Alice had one daughter named Maurine, born around 1898, reportedly from her first marriage.[ix] The only evidence of marriage is that of one to Theodore Snow, operator of a tobacco and stationery shop, in Dawson, Yukon, on August 17, 1904.[x] Snow met Alice in San Jose in the spring of 1904, where she was rehearsing “Pygmalion and Galatea,” and he reportedly fell in love with the beauty of her voice. The marriage took place at St. Mary’s parsonage in Dawson, and Snow “insisted that his fiancée should wear as her bridal gown the classic robe she appeared in as Galatea.” It was reported that the Snows would live in Dawson “only until large business interests there can be disposed of.” After that, they planned to make their home in southern California.[xi] This never came to be.[1] Benjamin F. Craig, a postal worker in Dawson City, maintained a list of people who left the Klondike, in June of 1905, he reported that Maurine and Alice Snow departed.[xii]
By September 15, 1905, Alice was performing a recital at the First Unitarian Church, in Oakland, California, alongside her pianist mother. Alice performed the “Softly Sighing” aria from the opera Der Freischütz and a theatrical rendering of “A Royal Princess” by Christine Rosetti. It was reported that Alice “commands the attention of her audience as in her impersonation of a princess she tells with master effect of the passions that swayed the royal heart….”[xiii] By 1908, Alice and her mother were listed as living at 137 Ute Avenue in Manitou.[xiv] In September 1909, the Gazette Telegraph promoted the first meeting of the Woman’s Club of Colorado Springs that featured a piano solo (Chopin’s “Polonaise Opus 22”) by Madame Crawford and a reading of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “Rhyme of the Duchess May” by Mrs. Alice Crawford Snow.[xv]
Just three months later, the Gazette published a peculiar article about the return of Madame Jeanette Crawford and her daughter, Alice, to Manitou Springs. It stated that three years prior, Jeanette, a talented and reportedly Leizig Conservatory-trained pianist and organist who specialized in the interpretation of Beethoven,[xvi] returned to Manitou Springs to “once again engage in conversation with her deceased daughter (Emma).” Meanwhile, her daughter Alice, “one of the most accomplished and successful satellites appearing in the limelight on the western slope,” had “journeyed as far north as Alaska in her quest for stage triumph.”[xvii] It was reported that after much correspondence with Jeanette, Alice gave up the stage “with the understanding with her mother that the two should once more take up their residence at Red Stone mansion and enjoy their nightly conversations with the dead.” During this time, the Crawfords also were said to have added foot and headstones and other embellishments to Emma’s grave on Red Mountain.[xviii] The article elaborated on Alice and Jeanette’s “conversations”:
In the nightly meetings between the living and the dead, it is the claim of the madame that piano recitals of the most classic character are given by her dead daughter who arises from the grave and in a darkened room, gives wonderful piano séances. While no one has ever been present at these musical séances, nevertheless the madame claims that such are a regular feature of the séances held between the living and the dead in the little red house at the foot of the Rockies.[xix]
It appears Jeanette, like her daughter Emma, was part of the spiritualist movement. While Jeanette was living in Colorado Springs in 1892, just a year after the death of Emma, the Colorado City Iris reported that Jeanette would speak on the subject of “To day” for the Spiritualists’ service at Durkee Hall.[xx]
Perhaps because of the séances at the Red Castle home, the structure became known as the “haunted house” even in 1910.[xxi] The first mention of the land the castle stands on was made in 1889 in The Manitou Springs Journal:
Mr. W. A. Davis and brother, Mr. R. M. Davis have purchased a 40 acre tract of Mayor Davis for $7,000. This land lies just south of the city and is only one quarter mile from the Mansions. It is their intention to plat it and lots will be placed upon the market in a short time. A four inch water main is being laid to supply an abundance of excellent water.
By June 25, 1892, it was announced that the “new ten thousand dollar home” built in the new addition Manitou Terrace (and the highest elevation in town) was complete.
Nothing more was reported on Jeanette and Alice until February 11, 1910, when it was reported that Alice’s daughter Maurine “left Monday for San Jose, Calif., to spend the remainder of the winter with her grandmother, Mrs. J. W. Crawford.”[xxii] This innocuous piece of news would soon be overshadowed by a terrible headline just three days later.
WOMAN IS HELPLESS IN BLAZING BED
Shoots Self in Knee; Rescuer Forces Entrance Into “Haunted House”
Mystery Surrounds Injury to Mrs. Margaret Crawford Snow of Manitou -- Attempted Suicide?[xxiii]
According to the report, Colorado Springs attorney James T. White (mistakenly reported as John T. White) had been summoned to Alice’s home, Red Mountain Castle, in regard to a proposed loan. The article states that Alice “was divorced from her husband, a wealthy business man now living in Alaska, a few months ago, and has been in straightened financial circumstances for some time.” When White approached the Snow residence around 5:10 p.m. on February 13, 1910, he found the shades drawn and the doors locked.[xxiv] White described the incident to a Manitou Springs Journal reporter:
I knocked at the door and received no answer. I then went to the back door, but could rouse no one there. I returned to the front of the house, where I was attracted by a beckoning hand at the window, and Mrs. Snow said to me, through the glass, that she was unable to rise from the bed, but for me to come in through the window. I supposed she ill with some sudden sickness, but I hesitated to enter through the window. She insisted, though, and finally I went around to the back of the house and forced my way in. Mrs. Snow then told me that she had accidentally shot herself in the knee. The bed was on fire, but not blazing much. I threw some quilts upon it and smothered out what flame there was. I could not do anything for her injury, and of course did not try, but I notified the sheriff after failing to reach the county physician, and turned the matter over to the county. I took the precaution to bring her revolver away with me.[xxv]
Alice was taken to St. Francis Hospital to receive care for her wound.[xxvi] The Denver Post reported that after an operation, Alice was moved to the charity ward.[xxvii] She claimed she had accidentally shot herself in the left leg just above the knee with a 32-caliber Iver Johnson revolver,[xxviii] however, some suspected that with Alice’s financial and domestic trouble, it was a suicide attempt.[xxix] The Denver Post speculated that Alice had been a victim of drugs and spiritualistic hallucinations and “had tired of existence and its disillusionments.”[xxx] For a short time, there was a belief that there had been an attempt on Alice’s life by “Little Johnny,” a disabled man who helped with housework at Red Stone Castle. The Gazette reported on February 16, however, that Alice had “written to a friend after she failed to get a theatrical engagement at Denver” and told her that “soon all will be over.”[xxxi]
By February 23, the newspaper reported that Jeanette and Alice’s daughter Maurine, returned to Colorado on account of the accident and that Jeanette believed her daughter was mentally unbalanced at the time of the shooting due to her strained personal and financial affairs. The article also stated that Madame Crawford was thinking of starting an investigation as she believed a picture of her daughter was stolen from Red Stone Castle by a Denver newspaper representative.[xxxii]
On April 1, the Manitou Springs Journal reported that Alice had “recovered sufficiently to leave St. Francis hospital” and that she would not “suffer any bad effects from the accident.” Although the newspaper did not state where Alice and her daughter would reside after Alice’s full recovery, it was speculated that the two would return to California to live with Jeanette Crawford, who was working as an organist at a Unitarian church in San Jose.[xxxiii] When the 1910 federal census was taken a few weeks later on April 20, Alice and her 12 year-old daughter were found boarding with Julia Couch at 839 High Street in Colorado Springs.[xxxiv]
Alice Gertrude Crawford Snow died on May 15, 1917, at the age of 50, and is buried with a humble headstone in Calvary Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. Madame Jeanette Webster Crawford died on February 12, 1928, in Sturbridge, Massachusetts at the age of 86. It is said that up to the age of 80, she was still charming audiences with piano and organ concerts. She was preceded in death by her husband, Nathan, and her children: Emma (1891), Alice (1917), and Minnie (1924).[xxxv] The story of what became of Alice’s daughter, Maurine Snow, is unknown.
[1] According to the 1880 census and the Maine copy of old birth records, Theodore Snow was born on June 15, 1866 in Rockland, Maine to George L., a lime manufacturer, and Lucy Snow. According to passport applications, he lived in Jacksonville, Florida, and later Boston, as an importer of fruits and vegetables in 1919 and 1920, respectively. He died of pneumonia at the U. S. Marine Hospital in San Francisco on April 29, 1940. He was 73 years old.
[i] Ancestry. Massachusetts Town Vital Collection, 1620-1988
[ii] “A Stage-Struck Beauty Cured,” New York Times, May 7, 1884.
[iii] “Stage Whisperings,” Boston Daily Advertiser, August 4, 1888, p. 5.
[iv] Don B. Wilmeth and Rosemary Cullen, editors. Plays by Augustin Daly. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 1.
[v] “Lilli Lehmann Again,” The Milwaukee Sentinel, February 23, 1896, p. 11.
[vi] “Former Actress Alameda Woman,” Oakland Tribune, February 18, 1910, 6.
[vii] Former Actress Alameda Woman,” Oakland Tribune, February 18, 1910, 16.
[viii] “Old-Time Actor on Slab at the Morgue,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 20, 1910, 2.
[ix] “Former Actress Alameda Woman,” Oakland Tribune, February 18, 1910, 16.
[x] Ronald J. Benice, Alaska and Yukon Tokens: Private Coins of the Territories, (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2009), 322. Yukon Archives Genealogy Research Database, “Marriage license #548” www.yukongenealogy.com/content/ykgen_db.htm accessed June 22, 2012.
[xi] San Francisco Chronicle, October 2, 1904, 28.
[xii] Gold Rush Database Sources, Benjamin F. Craig, www.yukongenealogy.com/content/database_clary_p.htm.
[xiii] “Promise Treat to Lovers of Music,” Oakland Tribune, September 9, 1905.
[xiv] City Directory, 1908, 171, 535.
[xv] “To Meet Saturday,” Colorado Springs Gazette, September 16, 1909
[xvi] “Madame Crawford Dead,” Niles Daily Star, March 3, 1928, 4.
[xvii] “Dead Daughter Plays the Piano Says Madame,” Colorado Springs Gazette, December 28, 1909, 1.
[xviii] Dead Daughter Plays the Piano Says Madame,” Colorado Springs Gazette, December 28, 1909, 1.
[xix] Dead Daughter Plays the Piano Says Madame,” Colorado Springs Gazette, December 28, 1909, 1.
[xx] Colorado City Iris, January 9, 1892, 8.
[xxi] “Woman Is Helpless in Blazing Bed,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 14, 1910, 1.
[xxii] Manitou Springs Journal, February 11, 1910, 4.
[xxiii] “Woman Is Helpless in Blazing Bed,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 14, 1910, 1.
[xxiv] “Woman Is Helpless in Blazing Bed,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 14, 1910, 1.
[xxv] “Met with Peculiar Accident,” Manitou Springs Journal, February 19, 1910, 1.
[xxvi] “Met with Peculiar Accident,” Manitou Springs Journal, February 19, 1910, 1.
[xxvii] “Did Beautiful Margaret Snow Shoot Self, or Was She Victim of Quarrel?” Denver Post, February 15, 1910, 3.
[xxviii] “Woman Is Helpless in Blazing Bed,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 14, 1910, 1.
[xxix] “Met with Peculiar Accident,” Manitou Springs Journal, February 19, 1910, 1.
[xxx] “Did Beautiful Margaret Snow Shoot Self, or Was She Victim of Quarrel?” Denver Post, February 15, 1910, 3.
[xxxi] “Mrs. Snow Wrote That ‘Soon All Will be Over,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 16, 1910, 6.
[xxxii] “Mentally Unbalanced,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 23, 1910, 5.
[xxxiii] “Fully Recovered,” Manitou Springs Journal, April 1, 1910.
[xxxiv] Department of Commerce and Labor—Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910—Population, 1910.
[xxxv] “Madame Crawford Dead,” Niles Daily Star, March 3, 1928, 4.
[i] Ancestry. Massachusetts Town Vital Collection, 1620-1988
[ii] “A Stage-Struck Beauty Cured,” New York Times, May 7, 1884.
[iii] “Stage Whisperings,” Boston Daily Advertiser, August 4, 1888, p. 5.
[iv] Don B. Wilmeth and Rosemary Cullen, editors. Plays by Augustin Daly. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 1.
[v] “Lilli Lehmann Again,” The Milwaukee Sentinel, February 23, 1896, p. 11.
[vi] “Former Actress Alameda Woman,” Oakland Tribune, February 18, 1910, 6.
[vii] Former Actress Alameda Woman,” Oakland Tribune, February 18, 1910, 16.
[viii] “Old-Time Actor on Slab at the Morgue,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 20, 1910, 2.
[ix] “Former Actress Alameda Woman,” Oakland Tribune, February 18, 1910, 16.
[x] Ronald J. Benice, Alaska and Yukon Tokens: Private Coins of the Territories, (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2009), 322. Yukon Archives Genealogy Research Database, “Marriage license #548” www.yukongenealogy.com/content/ykgen_db.htm accessed June 22, 2012.
[xi] San Francisco Chronicle, October 2, 1904, 28.
[xii] Gold Rush Database Sources, Benjamin F. Craig, www.yukongenealogy.com/content/database_clary_p.htm.
[xiii] “Promise Treat to Lovers of Music,” Oakland Tribune, September 9, 1905.
[xiv] City Directory, 1908, 171, 535.
[xv] “To Meet Saturday,” Colorado Springs Gazette, September 16, 1909
[xvi] “Madame Crawford Dead,” Niles Daily Star, March 3, 1928, 4.
[xvii] “Dead Daughter Plays the Piano Says Madame,” Colorado Springs Gazette, December 28, 1909, 1.
[xviii] Dead Daughter Plays the Piano Says Madame,” Colorado Springs Gazette, December 28, 1909, 1.
[xix] Dead Daughter Plays the Piano Says Madame,” Colorado Springs Gazette, December 28, 1909, 1.
[xx] Colorado City Iris, January 9, 1892, 8.
[xxi] “Woman Is Helpless in Blazing Bed,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 14, 1910, 1.
[xxii] Manitou Springs Journal, February 11, 1910, 4.
[xxiii] “Woman Is Helpless in Blazing Bed,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 14, 1910, 1.
[xxiv] “Woman Is Helpless in Blazing Bed,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 14, 1910, 1.
[xxv] “Met with Peculiar Accident,” Manitou Springs Journal, February 19, 1910, 1.
[xxvi] “Met with Peculiar Accident,” Manitou Springs Journal, February 19, 1910, 1.
[xxvii] “Did Beautiful Margaret Snow Shoot Self, or Was She Victim of Quarrel?” Denver Post, February 15, 1910, 3.
[xxviii] “Woman Is Helpless in Blazing Bed,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 14, 1910, 1.
[xxix] “Met with Peculiar Accident,” Manitou Springs Journal, February 19, 1910, 1.
[xxx] “Did Beautiful Margaret Snow Shoot Self, or Was She Victim of Quarrel?” Denver Post, February 15, 1910, 3.
[xxxi] “Mrs. Snow Wrote That ‘Soon All Will be Over,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 16, 1910, 6.
[xxxii] “Mentally Unbalanced,” Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph, February 23, 1910, 5.
[xxxiii] “Fully Recovered,” Manitou Springs Journal, April 1, 1910.
[xxxiv] Department of Commerce and Labor—Bureau of the Census, Thirteenth Census of the United States: 1910—Population, 1910.
[xxxv] “Madame Crawford Dead,” Niles Daily Star, March 3, 1928, 4.
